Motor Cortex
In 1870, Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig-- two German physicians-- discovered that if the rear if the frontal lobe that runs ear to ear is stimulated, there is movement in certain parts of the body. This area of the brain is called the motor cortex. Later, Otfrid Foerster and Wilder Penfield discovered that the mouth and fingers use the most space in this area.
Sensory Cortex
Penfield also found areas that received information on what is felt by the skin and body movements. This area is just behind the motor cortex, at the front of the parietal lobe. If this area is stimulated, a person may feel something on their foot or hand. The more sensitive part of the body is, the larger that area there is needed in the brain.
Visual Cortex
The visual cortex is at the back of the brain in the occipital lobe. If this area is stimulated, one may see light or some colors. If a person is hit hard enough here, they could become blind. Any information gained goes to other areas in the brain that identify words, emotions, and faces.
Auditory Cortex
In the temporal lobe is the auditory cortex, right above the ears. Anything heard will travel to the opposite auditory cortex from the ear. Meaning that the right auditory cortex hears from the left ear and the left auditory cortex hears from the right ear.
Association Areas
The association areas consist of neurons that do higher functions. Stimulating these areas will not give a response, meaning that these areas can not be mapped as easily. The association in the frontal lobe give judgement abilities, planning, and the processing of any new memories. If ther is damage here, people can still have new memories and good test taking and baking skills; however, a person will not be able to plan when they will start baking. Damage here can also change a person's personality and remove their restraints.
The association areas in the parietal lobe allows for mathematical and reasoning. When this area is stimulated a person may have a feeling of wanting to move a limb but will not actually move it. In the temporal lobe, the association areas allow people to recognize other faces. If this area is damaged, a person would not be able to identify who a person is, yet they could describe facial features and determine their gender and age.
The association areas in the parietal lobe allows for mathematical and reasoning. When this area is stimulated a person may have a feeling of wanting to move a limb but will not actually move it. In the temporal lobe, the association areas allow people to recognize other faces. If this area is damaged, a person would not be able to identify who a person is, yet they could describe facial features and determine their gender and age.